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#+TITLE: Operating Systems

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The goal of this course is to discuss two of the many fundamental
domains in which operating systems must operate: asynchronous
input/output (I/O), and parallelism and concurrency. The course starts
with a brief presentation of large classes of operating systems and
their historic evolution. Then asynchronous, interrupt-driven, and
buffered I/O is discussed. Finally, algorithms for maximising
parallelism and deadlock handling and avoidance are shown and
analysed.

This course is taught in French to the students of [[https://www.univ-evry.fr/formation/loffre-de-formation/domaines-de-formation/domaine/sciences-technologies-sante/programme/licence-mention-informatique-1.html][L3 informatique]]
(3rd year of bachelor education) at [[http://www.univ-evry.fr/fr/index.html][Université d'Évry]]. Basic
understanding of the computer architecture as well as some programming
experience are required.

This course is strongly based upon [[https://www.ibisc.univ-evry.fr/~delosme/][Jean-Marc Delosme]]'s notes about
operating systems. Starting with the school year 2018/2019, the course
includes more practical demonstrations and assignments.

The following sections briefly describe the 4 main chapters of the
course, as well as 2 executable code examples.

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The materials of this course are distributed under the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons_license][Creative
Commons Attribution Alone licence]].


* Introduction
  This chapter introduces the basic terminology used in the study,
  design, and development of operating systems: computer system,
  operating system, physical machine, abstract machine, etc. Some of
  the essential functions of the operating systems are enumerated,
  then a generic classification and the historic development of
  operating systems are described.

  The slides for this chapter (in French) are available [[file:../content/courses/os-ueve/se-01.pdf][here]].

* Execution and communication mechanisms
  This chapter describes the design of the communication in a
  concurrent and asynchronous open system. The object of study of this
  part are the interruptions, hardware and software (including
  supervisor calls). Some classical applications of interruptions are
  shown, including pseudoparallel process scheduling and buffered
  input/output.

  The slides for this chapter (in French) are available [[file:../content/courses/os-ueve/se-02.pdf][here]].

* Processes. Models of representation
  This chapter defines the notion of a process and describes its role
  and its technical representation inside an operating system. The
  chapter starts with a technical discussion and transitions into the
  abstract model of systems of concurrent tasks. Sequential and
  parallel composition operations are then considered.

  The slides for this chapter (in French) are available [[file:../content/courses/os-ueve/se-03.pdf][here]].

  This chapter comes with a runnable [[file:../content/courses/os-ueve/ton-paire.cpp][code example]] (comments in French)
  showing how to use =fork= to create new processes.

* Process interaction
  This chapter focuses on two fundamental issues of any concurrent
  system: maximal parallelism and deadlocks. Maximal parallelism is
  considered in the framework of systems of tasks. An algorithm for
  constructing a maximally parallel system equivalent to a given one
  is presented and analysed. Then, a different formal framework is
  built for deadlock analysis and a deadlock detection algorithm is
  shown. Finally, an approximate algorithm for deadlock avoidance is
  described.

  The slides for this chapter (in French) are available [[file:../content/courses/os-ueve/se-04.pdf][here]].

* Semaphores
  This part of the course aims to define and understand semaphores
  through interactive development of a program synchronising several
  threads. [[file:../content/courses/os-ueve/semaphores.py][This]] is the runnable code which is to be written by the end
  of the interactive session (the inline comments are in French).


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