globals [ nx ny nb-beekeepers max-distance-of-moving acacia-price polyflower-price lime-price sunflower-price hivesProd fuelPriceByKm ;;; euros by km ] breed [ beekeepers beekeeper ] ;;breed [ counties county] breed [ spots spot] patches-own ;;;; counties as patches [ best-spot spots-inside ;;; list of spots inside the county ] spots-own[ availability ;;; 0 for free or 1 for occupied utility ;;; flower-price old-utility;;; one of the different utility from the last season lifetime-of-flowers ] beekeepers-own [ strategy-of-turtle current-spot;; chosen-county;; travelDistance ;;; distance travelled by beekeepers during season honeyQuantity ;;; quantity of honey recolted during season totalCharges ;;; cost of travelling benefit ;;;;;; TotalBenefit ] ;;;;;INITIALISATIONS;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;Valeures Globales;;;;;; to globalinit set max-distance-of-moving 500 set acacia-price 4.65 set polyflower-price 3.48 set lime-price 4.65 set sunflower-price 2.32 set fuelPriceByKm 0.43 end to setup-counties __clear-all-and-reset-ticks file-open "all.txt" while [not file-at-end?] [ set nx file-read set ny file-read set nb-beekeepers file-read create-beekeepers nb-beekeepers[ setxy nx ny set shape "person" set size 0.1 set color blue set strategy-of-turtle 1 ] create-spots 24 [ setxy (nx + random 3) (ny + random 3) set lifetime-of-flowers 1 set utility acacia-price ] ] file-close-all end ;; ;; SETUP AND HELPERS ;; to setup clear-all globalinit setup-counties reset-ticks end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; GO AND TURTLE STRATEGIES ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to go ask beekeepers [ let current-patch patch-here set current-spot spots-here ifelse ticks != 0 [ ;;; if its not the beginning let quant [utility] of current-spot ;;;;;;; A REVOIR ;;;;;;;;;;; ifelse [lifetime-of-flowers] of current-spot = 0 [ find-a-new-place ] [ recolt ;; beekeeper stays on the spot and goes on to recolt ] ] [;;; at the beginning follow-strategy find-a-new-place ] ] ask spots [ set lifetime-of-flowers (lifetime-of-flowers - 1) if lifetime-of-flowers = 0 [ set utility acacia-price ] ] tick end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;Motions procedures;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to find-a-new-place follow-strategy recolt end to stay recolt end to recolt set benefit (benefit + ( hivesProd * [utility] of current-spot)) end to follow-strategy ;;; its depends of the strategy of the turtle , has to be calibrate in the initialisation ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; if strategy-of-turtle = 1 [ ;;; choose a random spot let counties-around other patches ;;in-radius max-distance-of-moving set chosen-county one-of counties-around ;;;;; ;;cost-of-moving ;;;;; ask spots-here [ set availability 0 ;; as beekeepers is leaving the spot, it becomes free ] move-to chosen-county ; let spots-on-county turtles-here let available-spots spots-here with [availability = 0] ;; free ifelse any? available-spots [ ;;; there are available spots set best-spot max-one-of available-spots [ utility ] ] [;;;; there isnt any available spot follow-strategy ] move-to [best-spot] of chosen-county ask [best-spot] of chosen-county [ set availability 1 ] set current-spot [best-spot] of chosen-county ] ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; if strategy-of-turtle = 2 [ ;;;; choose the nearest county ] if strategy-of-turtle = 3 [ ] end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;Utility function;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to cost-of-moving set travelDistance distance chosen-county let charges (travelDistance * fuelPriceByKm) set totalCharges (totalCharges + charges) end ;;; change the cost and profit variables during a recolt to calculate-cost-profit set totalBenefit ( benefit - totalCharges) end to estimate-seasonnal-benefit end ; Copyright 2004 Uri Wilensky. ; See Info tab for full copyright and license. @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 276 10 1296 1051 -1 -1 10.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 100 0 100 1 1 1 ticks 30.0 SLIDER 36 68 240 101 initial-radius initial-radius 0 20 10 0.5 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 724 166 919 199 num-random-min num-random-min 0 200 100 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 724 430 920 463 num-random num-random 0 200 0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL BUTTON 20 18 90 59 NIL setup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 BUTTON 97 18 167 59 NIL go NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL 1 SLIDER 724 362 921 395 num-random-away num-random-away 0 200 0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL TEXTBOX 725 148 815 166 Violet 11 0.0 0 TEXTBOX 724 412 814 430 Brown 11 0.0 0 TEXTBOX 725 344 815 362 Pink 11 0.0 0 PLOT 14 148 263 327 Average Distance from Origin time ticks average distance 0.0 100.0 0.0 100.0 true false "set-plot-x-range 0 30\nset-plot-y-range 0 5 ; set initial y range to half of height" "" PENS "random-min" 1.0 0 -8630108 true "" "plot-rule-mean \"random-min\"" "random-away" 1.0 0 -2064490 true "" "plot-rule-mean \"random-away\"" "random" 1.0 0 -6459832 true "" "plot-rule-mean \"random\"" "open-min" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "" "plot-rule-mean \"open-min\"" "open-min-max" 1.0 0 -955883 true "" "plot-rule-mean \"open-min-max\"" SLIDER 724 36 919 69 too-close too-close 0.1 5 1.5 0.1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 724 77 919 110 too-far too-far 0.1 5 2 0.1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL TEXTBOX 724 278 814 296 Orange 11 0.0 0 SLIDER 724 294 920 327 num-open-min-max num-open-min-max 0 200 50 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL TEXTBOX 724 214 814 232 Blue 11 0.0 0 SLIDER 724 231 920 264 num-open-min num-open-min 0 200 0 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 37 107 241 140 step-size step-size 0.1 2 1 0.1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL PLOT 14 330 263 516 Mobility of Scatterers circle number total distance moved 0.0 5.0 0.0 1080.0 true false "set-plot-x-range 0 5\nset-plot-y-range 0 (max-pxcor)" ";; a histogram of the total distance traveled by turtles,\n;; grouped in concentric circles from the center patch\nplot-pen-reset\n; between the center patch and max-pxcor/4\nset-plot-pen-color red\nif (any? turtles with [(distancexy 0 0) <= ((world-width - 1) / 8)])\n[ ask patch 0 0\n [ plot mean [total-distance-moved] of (turtles with [(distancexy 0 0) <= ((world-width - 1) / 8)])\n ] ]\n; between max-pxcor/4 and max-pxcor/2\nif (any? turtles with [((distancexy 0 0) > ((world-width - 1) / 8)) and\n ((distancexy 0 0) <= ((world-width - 1) / 4))])\n[ set-plot-pen-color green\n ask patch 0 0\n [ plot mean [total-distance-moved] of (turtles with [((distancexy 0 0) > ((world-width - 1) / 8)) and\n ((distancexy 0 0) <= ((world-width - 1) / 4))])\n ] ]\n; between max-pxcor/2 and (3/4)max-pxcor\nif (any? turtles with [((distancexy 0 0) > ((world-width - 1) / 4)) and\n ((distancexy 0 0) <= (3 * (world-width - 1) / 8))])\n[ set-plot-pen-color violet\n ask patch 0 0\n [ plot mean [total-distance-moved] of (turtles with [((distancexy 0 0) > ((world-width - 1) / 4)) and\n ((distancexy 0 0) <= (3 * (world-width - 1) / 8))])\n ] ]\n; between (3/4)max-pxcor and max-pxcor\nif (any? turtles with [((distancexy 0 0) > (3 * ((world-width - 1) / 8)) and\n ((distancexy 0 0) <= ((world-width - 1) / 2 )))] )\n[ set-plot-pen-color orange\n ask patch 0 0\n [ plot mean [total-distance-moved] of (turtles with [((distancexy 0 0) > ( 3 * ((world-width - 1) / 8)) and\n ((distancexy 0 0) <= (world-width - 1) / 2))])\n ] ]\n; everything outside of max-pxcor\nif (any? turtles with [(distancexy 0 0) > (world-width - 1) / 2])\n[ set-plot-pen-color blue\n ask patch 0 0\n [ plot mean [total-distance-moved] of (turtles with [(distancexy 0 0) > (world-width - 1) / 2])\n ] ]" PENS "default" 1.0 1 -13791810 true "" "" @#$#@#$#@ ## WHAT IS IT? This model simulates students' ideas about scattering, which takes place just before exercising in gym. The students in a class start out all bunched up, and the teacher asks them to spread out or scatter. This simulation shows the spread of the group when the individual students follow simple rules to decide whether to move and where. The scatterers move according to rules that were gleaned from several interviews with sixth-grade students. The students were asked: "At the beginning of a Physical Education class, the students are standing close together. The teacher tells the students to scatter so they may perform calisthenics. What happens? Can you describe and explain?" The students described the scattering process verbally, using coins to simulate the process and drawing a series of pictures to depict the succeeding steps. ## HOW IT WORKS This model implements several scattering rules, which the user can mix and match: RANDOM-MIN: Move in a random direction until you are far enough away from all of your neighbors. Random-min turtles (the violet ones) set their heading and move in a random direction if and only if there are turtles that are too close. OPEN-MIN: Move into the largest open nearby space until you are far enough away from all of your neighbors. Open-min turtles (blue) also stop when other turtles are too close. If there are turtles that are too close, they find the heading that will take them to the largest open space. OPEN-MIN-MAX: Move into the largest open nearby space until you are far enough away, but not too far. If you're too close, move away. If you're too far, move closer. The open-min-max turtles (orange) move to the largest open space if other turtles are too close. If the other turtles are too far away (that is, there aren't turtles within a certain space), the turtle in question moves to a more populated area. Two of the scattering rules do not have stopping conditions, so they continue scattering indefinitely: RANDOM-AWAY: Move in a random direction away from the person that is closest too you. Random-away turtles (pink) look at the turtle closest to them and move in the opposite direction. RANDOM: Move about randomly, disregarding all other scatterers. Random turtles (brown) just run around in a random direction, never looking at the turtles around them. The scattering students move at equal speeds, if they move at all. Two students cannot occupy the same location. Whether or not to move and where to move depends on each of the rules that are described. The color of the scattering students reflects the rule that they are following. ## HOW TO USE IT Use the sliders to the right of the view to specify the number of turtles to create with each rule. With the first three rules, the TOO-CLOSE slider sets the distance, in patches, that the turtles must be away from other turtles before stopping. The NUM-RANDOM-MIN slider indicates the number of turtles to create that move in a random direction, stopping when they are at least the distance specified by TOO-CLOSE from other turtles. Use the NUM-OPEN-MIN slider to specify how many turtles to create that move to the largest open space if there are turtles within TOO-CLOSE. NUM-OPEN-MIN-MAX specifies the number of turtles to create that must have turtles within a certain range in order to stop. TOO-CLOSE indicates how far away other turtles must be for a turtle to stop, and TOO-FAR indicates how close the turtle in question must be to at least another turtle for it to stop. The NUM-RANDOM-AWAY slider indicates the number of turtles to create that move away from the closest turtle, without ever stopping. NUM-RANDOM indicates the number of turtles that move in random directions without stopping. To indicate the radius within which you want the turtles to be initially scattered, use the INITIAL-RADIUS slider. INITIAL-RADIUS must be large enough to fit the number of turtles indicated by the above sliders. See NetLogo Features, below. To vary the distance that a turtle moves each time step, change the STEP-SIZE slider. Press SETUP to create the number of turtles indicated, in the INITIAL-RADIUS specified. Press GO to start the model and the plots. The plot AVERAGE DISTANCE FROM ORIGIN shows the average distance that turtles of a certain rule have moved from their original position over time. It is color-coded to match the colors of the turtles. To observe the average distance of turtles of a certain rule, watch the line of the same color. The MOBILITY OF SCATTERERS histogram displays the average total distance moved by turtles within a certain range away from the origin. Each of the bars plots the average total distance of turtles in five concentric circles radiating from the center patch. Note that this differs from that of the AVERAGE DISTANCE FROM ORIGIN plot, which measures the distance from the turtle's present spot to its original spot, in that it adds up each step taken by the turtle. The TICKS monitor displays the number of clock cycles that GO has run. ## THINGS TO NOTICE While the group is spreading, notice the individual turtles' routes. You can use the "watch turtle" functionality (by clicking on a turtle) or pen-downing a single turtle to observe its path. Try this with a number of turtles. How do the individual and group patterns relate? Like two people walking towards each other down a hallway trying to avoid colliding, the rules of the turtles deciding their heading based on other turtles can conflict. For instance, several neighboring turtles moving to the largest open space may choose to move to the same open spot and, in doing so, move closer to the other turtles. This can form clusters of turtles, even while the group is spreading and even in the periphery of the group. Certain rules get to a settled, or scattered, state more quickly than others do. Which rules are better for efficient scattering? Observe the shape of the "Average distance from Origin" plot: Why is it shaped the way it is? What other phenomena behave in a similar way? When observing the MOBILITY OF SCATTERERS plot, notice how scatterers farther on the outside will sometimes move a greater total distance or a smaller total distance, depending on the rule. There are often threshold values where the scatterers will never settle down, and the model will not stop. For instance, if TOO-CLOSE is too great and there are too many turtles, they will never have enough room to completely scatter. Some of the rules produce a more ordered end formation than others. Why is this, and which ones exhibit this behavior? Do any regions show higher densities than others? When certain rules are mixed together, segregation occurs. That is, turtles of a certain rule tend to be surrounded by more turtles of the same rule than not. Which combinations of rules produce this segregation more than others? ## THINGS TO TRY When experimenting with the move-into-range turtles, vary the TOO-CLOSE and TOO-FAR sliders concurrently with the STEP-SIZE slider. If the step size is too big and the TOO-CLOSE and TOO-FAR values creating too narrow of a range, will the scatterers ever settle? Try mixing rules to explore how turtles of different rules interact with each other. Watch what happens when a few random-scatter turtles run around a set of turtles with stopping conditions, like move-to-open-space turtles. Vary the STEP-SIZE slider, and see what effect this has on the model. Does a bigger step size make for more or less efficient scattering? Try varying INITIAL-RADIUS to make the starting formation tighter or more spread out. Pen-down one turtle, and watch its path as it moves about the world. How does it compare with the group? Which rule seems to simulate real situations of scattering people? ## EXTENDING THE MODEL Try to think of other rules that scatterers follow. For example, figure out rules to get the turtles to fill up the entire space. Alternatively, turtles could move towards a friend or away from an enemy. Also, try to think of stopping conditions other than being a certain distance from other turtles. Turtles could have a variable `stubbornness`, indicating how likely a turtle is to move or not. A `dawdle` or `friendliness` variable could indicate a likeliness to hang around other turtles. Try giving the scatterers the ability to back track. For instance, if a scatterer moving to an open space finds that their movement takes them to a more populated area, they could move back to where they were before. Allow turtle to have varying speeds or step sizes, simulating the differing stride lengths of individual scatterers Devise other ways to model the scattering in the aggregate sense; for example, measure the density in a certain area. What if there was a location (e.g. a fire) that people were trying to get away from while scattering? Devise a way to model such a situation. You can include physical structures, such as walls and doors. ## NETLOGO FEATURES The model creates turtles by asking patches to `sprout` a turtle initialized with a certain rule. Because a patch can only `sprout` one turtle, only a certain number of turtles can fit in a certain radius. The model verifies that the user hasn't asked for more turtles than can fit in the initial-radius specified to avoid an error. ## CREDITS AND REFERENCES The study is described in Levy, S.T., & Wilensky, U. (2004). Making sense of complexity: Patterns in forming causal connections between individual agent behaviors and aggregate group behaviors. In U. Wilensky (Chair) and S. Papert (Discussant) Networking and complexifying the science classroom: Students simulating and making sense of complex systems using the HubNet networked architecture. The annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Diego, CA, April 12 - 16, 2004. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/papers/midlevel-AERA04.pdf Thanks to Stephanie Bezold for her work on this model. ## HOW TO CITE If you mention this model in a publication, we ask that you include these citations for the model itself and for the NetLogo software: - Wilensky, U. (2004). NetLogo Scatter model. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/Scatter. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. - Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. ## COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE Copyright 2004 Uri Wilensky. ![CC BY-NC-SA 3.0](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/3.0/88x31.png) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA. Commercial licenses are also available. To inquire about commercial licenses, please contact Uri Wilensky at uri@northwestern.edu. This model was created as part of the projects: PARTICIPATORY SIMULATIONS: NETWORK-BASED DESIGN FOR SYSTEMS LEARNING IN CLASSROOMS and/or INTEGRATED SIMULATION AND MODELING ENVIRONMENT. The project gratefully acknowledges the support of the National Science Foundation (REPP & ROLE programs) -- grant numbers REC #9814682 and REC-0126227. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108 Circle -7500403 true true 110 127 80 Circle -7500403 true true 110 75 80 Line -7500403 true 150 100 80 30 Line -7500403 true 150 100 220 30 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