520 lines
13 KiB
Text
520 lines
13 KiB
Text
# Generating Javascript functions to query an API
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We will now see how **servant** lets you turn an API type into javascript
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functions that you can call to query a webservice.
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For this, we will consider a simple page divided in two parts. At the top, we
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will have a search box that lets us search in a list of Haskell books by
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author/title with a list of results that gets updated every time we enter or
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remove a character, while at the bottom we will be able to see the classical
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[probabilistic method to approximate
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pi](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximations_of_%CF%80#Summing_a_circle.27s_area),
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using a webservice to get random points. Finally, we will serve an HTML file
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along with a couple of Javascript files, among which one that's automatically
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generated from the API type and which will provide ready-to-use functions to
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query your API.
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The source for this tutorial section is a literate haskell file, so first we
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need to have some language extensions and imports:
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``` haskell
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{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
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{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
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{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
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{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
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module Javascript where
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import Control.Monad.IO.Class
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import Data.Aeson
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import Data.Proxy
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import Data.Text as T (Text)
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import Data.Text.IO as T (writeFile, readFile)
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import GHC.Generics
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import Language.Javascript.JQuery
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import Network.Wai
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import Network.Wai.Handler.Warp
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import qualified Data.Text as T
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import Servant
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import Servant.JS
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import System.Random
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```
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Now let's have the API type(s) and the accompanying datatypes.
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``` haskell
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type API = "point" :> Get '[JSON] Point
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:<|> "books" :> QueryParam "q" Text :> Get '[JSON] (Search Book)
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type API' = API :<|> Raw
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data Point = Point
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{ x :: Double
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, y :: Double
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} deriving Generic
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instance ToJSON Point
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data Search a = Search
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{ query :: Text
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, results :: [a]
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} deriving Generic
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mkSearch :: Text -> [a] -> Search a
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mkSearch = Search
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instance ToJSON a => ToJSON (Search a)
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data Book = Book
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{ author :: Text
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, title :: Text
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, year :: Int
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} deriving Generic
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instance ToJSON Book
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book :: Text -> Text -> Int -> Book
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book = Book
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```
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We need a "book database". For the purpose of this guide, let's restrict
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ourselves to the following books.
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``` haskell
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books :: [Book]
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books =
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[ book "Paul Hudak" "The Haskell School of Expression: Learning Functional Programming through Multimedia" 2000
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, book "Bryan O'Sullivan, Don Stewart, and John Goerzen" "Real World Haskell" 2008
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, book "Miran Lipovača" "Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!" 2011
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, book "Graham Hutton" "Programming in Haskell" 2007
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, book "Simon Marlow" "Parallel and Concurrent Programming in Haskell" 2013
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, book "Richard Bird" "Introduction to Functional Programming using Haskell" 1998
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]
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```
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Now, given an optional search string `q`, we want to perform a case insensitive
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search in that list of books. We're obviously not going to try and implement
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the best possible algorithm, this is out of scope for this tutorial. The
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following simple linear scan will do, given how small our list is.
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``` haskell
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searchBook :: Monad m => Maybe Text -> m (Search Book)
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searchBook Nothing = return (mkSearch "" books)
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searchBook (Just q) = return (mkSearch q books')
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where books' = filter (\b -> q' `T.isInfixOf` T.toLower (author b)
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|| q' `T.isInfixOf` T.toLower (title b)
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)
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books
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q' = T.toLower q
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```
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We also need an endpoint that generates random points `(x, y)` with `-1 <= x,y
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<= 1`. The code below uses
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[random](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/random)'s `System.Random`.
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``` haskell
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randomPoint :: MonadIO m => m Point
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randomPoint = liftIO . getStdRandom $ \g ->
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let (rx, g') = randomR (-1, 1) g
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(ry, g'') = randomR (-1, 1) g'
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in (Point rx ry, g'')
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```
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If we add static file serving, our server is now complete.
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``` haskell
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api :: Proxy API
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api = Proxy
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api' :: Proxy API'
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api' = Proxy
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server :: Server API
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server = randomPoint
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:<|> searchBook
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server' :: Server API'
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server' = server
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:<|> serveDirectoryFileServer "static"
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app :: Application
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app = serve api' server'
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main :: IO ()
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main = run 8000 app
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```
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Why two different API types, proxies and servers though? Simply because we
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don't want to generate javascript functions for the `Raw` part of our API type,
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so we need a `Proxy` for our API type `API'` without its `Raw` endpoint.
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The `EmptyAPI` combinator needs no special treatment as it generates no
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Javascript functions: an empty API has no endpoints to access.
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Very similarly to how one can derive haskell functions, we can derive the
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javascript with just a simple function call to `jsForAPI` from
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`Servant.JS`.
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``` haskell
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apiJS1 :: Text
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apiJS1 = jsForAPI api jquery
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```
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This `Text` contains 2 Javascript functions, 'getPoint' and 'getBooks':
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``` javascript
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var getPoint = function(onSuccess, onError)
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{
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$.ajax(
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{ url: '/point'
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, success: onSuccess
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, error: onError
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, type: 'GET'
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});
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}
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var getBooks = function(q, onSuccess, onError)
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{
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$.ajax(
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{ url: '/books' + '?q=' + encodeURIComponent(q)
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, success: onSuccess
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, error: onError
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, type: 'GET'
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});
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}
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```
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We created a directory `static` that contains two static files: `index.html`,
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which is the entrypoint to our little web application; and `ui.js`, which
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contains some hand-written javascript. This javascript code assumes the two
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generated functions `getPoint` and `getBooks` in scope. Therefore we need to
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write the generated javascript into a file:
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``` haskell
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writeJSFiles :: IO ()
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writeJSFiles = do
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T.writeFile "static/api.js" apiJS1
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jq <- T.readFile =<< Language.Javascript.JQuery.file
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T.writeFile "static/jq.js" jq
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```
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(We're also writing the jquery library into a file, as it's also used by
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`ui.js`.) `static/api.js` will be included in `index.html` and the two
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generated functions will therefore be available in `ui.js`.
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And we're good to go. You can start the `main` function of this file and go to
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`http://localhost:8000/`. Start typing in the name of one of the authors in our
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database or part of a book title, and check out how long it takes to
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approximate pi using the method mentioned above.
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## Customizations
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Instead of calling `jquery`, you can call its variant `jqueryWith`.
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Here are the type definitions
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```haskell ignore
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jquery :: JavaScriptGenerator
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jqueryWith :: CommonGeneratorOptions -> JavaScriptGenerator
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```
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The `CommonGeneratorOptions` will let you define different behaviors to
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change how functions are generated. Here is the definition of currently
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available options:
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```haskell ignore
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data CommonGeneratorOptions = CommonGeneratorOptions
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{
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-- | function generating function names
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functionNameBuilder :: FunctionName -> Text
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-- | name used when a user want to send the request body (to let you redefine it)
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, requestBody :: Text
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-- | name of the callback parameter when the request was successful
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, successCallback :: Text
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-- | name of the callback parameter when the request reported an error
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, errorCallback :: Text
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-- | namespace on which we define the js function (empty mean local var)
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, moduleName :: Text
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-- | a prefix that should be prepended to the URL in the generated JS
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, urlPrefix :: Text
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}
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```
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This pattern is available with all supported backends, and default values are provided.
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## Vanilla support
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If you don't use JQuery for your application, you can reduce your
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dependencies to simply use the `XMLHttpRequest` object from the standard API.
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Use the same code as before but simply replace the previous `apiJS` with
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the following one:
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``` haskell
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apiJS2 :: Text
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apiJS2 = jsForAPI api vanillaJS
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```
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The rest is *completely* unchanged.
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The output file is a bit different, but it has the same parameters,
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``` javascript
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var getPoint = function(onSuccess, onError)
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{
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var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
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xhr.open('GET', '/point', true);
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xhr.setRequestHeader(\"Accept\",\"application/json\");
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xhr.onreadystatechange = function (e) {
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if (xhr.readyState == 4) {
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if (xhr.status == 204 || xhr.status == 205) {
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onSuccess();
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} else if (xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) {
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var value = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);
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onSuccess(value);
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} else {
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var value = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);
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onError(value);
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}
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}
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}
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xhr.send(null);
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}
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var getBooks = function(q, onSuccess, onError)
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{
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var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
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xhr.open('GET', '/books' + '?q=' + encodeURIComponent(q), true);
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xhr.setRequestHeader(\"Accept\",\"application/json\");
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xhr.onreadystatechange = function (e) {
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if (xhr.readyState == 4) {
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if (xhr.status == 204 || xhr.status == 205) {
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onSuccess();
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} else if (xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300) {
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var value = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);
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onSuccess(value);
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} else {
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var value = JSON.parse(xhr.responseText);
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onError(value);
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}
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}
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}
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xhr.send(null);
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}
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```
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And that's all, your web service can of course be accessible from those
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two clients at the same time!
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## Axios support
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### Simple usage
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If you use Axios library for your application, we support that too!
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Use the same code as before but simply replace the previous `apiJS` with
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the following one:
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``` haskell
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apiJS3 :: Text
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apiJS3 = jsForAPI api $ axios defAxiosOptions
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```
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The rest is *completely* unchanged.
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The output file is a bit different,
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``` javascript
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var getPoint = function()
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{
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return axios({ url: '/point'
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, method: 'get'
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});
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}
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var getBooks = function(q)
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{
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return axios({ url: '/books' + '?q=' + encodeURIComponent(q)
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, method: 'get'
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});
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}
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```
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**Caution:** In order to support the promise style of the API, there are no onSuccess
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nor onError callback functions.
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### Defining Axios configuration
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Axios lets you define a 'configuration' to determine the behavior of the
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program when the AJAX request is sent.
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We mapped this into a configuration
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``` haskell
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data AxiosOptions = AxiosOptions
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{ -- | indicates whether or not cross-site Access-Control requests
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-- should be made using credentials
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withCredentials :: !Bool
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-- | the name of the cookie to use as a value for xsrf token
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, xsrfCookieName :: !(Maybe Text)
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-- | the name of the header to use as a value for xsrf token
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, xsrfHeaderName :: !(Maybe Text)
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}
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```
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## Angular support
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### Simple usage
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You can apply the same procedure as with `vanillaJS` and `jquery`, and
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generate top level functions.
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The difference is that `angular` Generator always takes an argument.
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``` haskell
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apiJS4 :: Text
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apiJS4 = jsForAPI api $ angular defAngularOptions
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```
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The generated code will be a bit different than previous generators. An extra
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argument `$http` will be added to let Angular magical Dependency Injector
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operate.
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**Caution:** In order to support the promise style of the API, there are no onSuccess
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nor onError callback functions.
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``` javascript
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var getPoint = function($http)
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{
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return $http(
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{ url: '/point'
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, method: 'GET'
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});
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}
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var getBooks = function($http, q)
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{
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return $http(
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{ url: '/books' + '?q=' + encodeURIComponent(q)
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, method: 'GET'
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});
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}
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```
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You can then build your controllers easily
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``` javascript
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app.controller("MyController", function($http) {
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this.getPoint = getPoint($http)
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.success(/* Do something */)
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.error(/* Report error */);
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this.getPoint = getBooks($http, q)
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.success(/* Do something */)
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.error(/* Report error */);
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});
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```
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### Service generator
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You can also generate automatically a service to wrap the whole API as
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a single Angular service:
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``` javascript
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app.service('MyService', function($http) {
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return ({
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postCounter: function()
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{
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return $http(
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{ url: '/counter'
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, method: 'POST'
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});
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},
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getCounter: function()
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{
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return $http(
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{ url: '/books' + '?q=' + encodeURIComponent(q), true);
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, method: 'GET'
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});
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}
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});
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});
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```
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To do so, you just have to use an alternate generator.
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``` haskell
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apiJS5 :: Text
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apiJS5 = jsForAPI api $ angularService defAngularOptions
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```
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Again, it is possible to customize some portions with the options.
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``` haskell
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data AngularOptions = AngularOptions
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{ -- | When generating code with wrapInService, name of the service to generate, default is 'app'
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serviceName :: Text
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, -- | beginning of the service definition
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prologue :: Text -> Text -> Text
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, -- | end of the service definition
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epilogue :: Text
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}
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```
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## Custom function name builder
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Servant comes with three name builders included:
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- camelCase (the default)
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- concatCase
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- snakeCase
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Keeping the JQuery as an example, let's see the impact:
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``` haskell
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apiJS6 :: Text
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apiJS6 = jsForAPI api $ jqueryWith defCommonGeneratorOptions { functionNameBuilder= snakeCase }
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```
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This `Text` contains 2 Javascript functions:
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``` javascript
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var get_point = function(onSuccess, onError)
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{
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$.ajax(
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{ url: '/point'
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, success: onSuccess
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, error: onError
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, type: 'GET'
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});
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}
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var get_books = function(q, onSuccess, onError)
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{
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$.ajax(
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{ url: '/books' + '?q=' + encodeURIComponent(q)
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, success: onSuccess
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, error: onError
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, type: 'GET'
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});
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}
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```
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