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tutorial: read through Server.lhs

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Sönke Hahn 2016-02-27 19:53:03 +01:00
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commit e84fea334a
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2
doc/tutorial/Docs.lhs
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@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ server = Server.server3 :<|> serveDocs
plain = ("Content-Type", "text/plain")
app :: Application
app = serve api EmptyConfig server
app = serve api server
```
And if you spin up this server with `dist/build/tutorial/tutorial 10` and go to anywhere else than `/position`, `/hello` and `/marketing`, you will see the API docs in markdown. This is because `serveDocs` is attempted if the 3 other endpoints don't match and systematically succeeds since its definition is to just return some fixed bytestring with the `text/plain` content type.

2
doc/tutorial/Javascript.lhs
View file

@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ server' = server
:<|> serveDirectory "tutorial/t9"
app :: Application
app = serve api' EmptyConfig server'
app = serve api' server'
```
Why two different API types, proxies and servers though? Simply because we don't want to generate javascript functions for the `Raw` part of our API type, so we need a `Proxy` for our API type `API'` without its `Raw` endpoint.

326
doc/tutorial/Server.lhs
View file

@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ type. Can we have a webservice already?
## A first example
Equipped with some basic knowledge about the way we represent API, let's now
Equipped with some basic knowledge about the way we represent APIs, let's now
write our first webservice.
The source for this tutorial section is a literate haskell file, so first we
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ module Server where
import Prelude ()
import Prelude.Compat
import Control.Monad.IO.Class
import Control.Monad.Except
import Control.Monad.Reader
import Control.Monad.Trans.Except
import Data.Aeson.Compat
@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import Data.Aeson.Types
import Data.Attoparsec.ByteString
import Data.ByteString (ByteString)
import Data.List
import Data.Maybe
import Data.String.Conversions
import Data.Time.Calendar
import GHC.Generics
@ -49,16 +50,12 @@ import qualified Data.Aeson.Parser
import qualified Text.Blaze.Html
```
``` haskell ignore
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
```
**Important**: the `Servant` module comes from the *servant-server* package,
**Important**: the `Servant` module comes from the **servant-server** package,
the one that lets us run webservers that implement a particular API type. It
reexports all the types from the *servant* package that let you declare API
reexports all the types from the **servant** package that let you declare API
types as well as everything you need to turn your request handlers into a
fully-fledged webserver. This means that in your applications, you can just add
*servant-server* as a dependency, import `Servant` and not worry about anything
**servant-server** as a dependency, import `Servant` and not worry about anything
else.
We will write a server that will serve the following API.
@ -154,9 +151,8 @@ main = run 8081 app1
You can put this all into a file or just grab [servant's
repo](http://github.com/haskell-servant/servant) and look at the
*servant-examples* directory. The code we have just explored is in
*tutorial/T1.hs*, runnable with
`dist/build/tutorial/tutorial 1`.
*doc/tutorial* directory. This code (the source of this web page) is in
*doc/tutorial/Server.lhs*.
If you run it, you can go to `http://localhost:8081/users` in your browser or
query it with curl and you see:
@ -192,7 +188,7 @@ users2 = [isaac, albert]
Now, just like we separate the various endpoints in `UserAPI` with `:<|>`, we
are going to separate the handlers with `:<|>` too! They must be provided in
the same order as the one they appear in in the API type.
the same order as in in the API type.
``` haskell
server2 :: Server UserAPI2
@ -201,9 +197,8 @@ server2 = return users2
:<|> return isaac
```
And that's it! You can run this example with
`dist/build/tutorial/tutorial 2` and check out the data available
at `/users`, `/albert` and `/isaac`.
And that's it! You can run this example in the same way that we showed for
`server1` and check out the data available at `/users`, `/albert` and `/isaac`.
## From combinators to handler arguments
@ -298,8 +293,7 @@ parameter might not always be there);
- a `ReqBody contentTypeList a` becomes an argument of type `a`;
And that's it. You can see this example in action by running
`dist/build/tutorial/tutorial 3`.
And that's it. Here's the example in action:
``` bash
$ curl http://localhost:8081/position/1/2
@ -312,19 +306,18 @@ $ curl -X POST -d '{"name":"Alp Mestanogullari", "email" : "alp@foo.com", "age":
{"subject":"Hey Alp Mestanogullari, we miss you!","body":"Hi Alp Mestanogullari,\n\nSince you've recently turned 25, have you checked out our latest haskell, mathematics products? Give us a visit!","to":"alp@foo.com","from":"great@company.com"}
```
For reference, here's a list of some combinators from *servant* and for those
that get turned into arguments to the handlers, the type of the argument.
For reference, here's a list of some combinators from **servant**:
> - `Delete`, `Get`, `Patch`, `Post`, `Put`: these do not become arguments. They provide the return type of handlers, which usually is `ExceptT ServantErr IO <something>`.
> - `Capture "something" a` becomes an argument of type `a`.
> - `QueryParam "something" a`, `MatrixParam "something" a`, `Header "something" a` all become arguments of type `Maybe a`, because there might be no value at all specified by the client for these.
> - `QueryFlag "something"` and `MatrixFlag "something"` get turned into arguments of type `Bool`.
> - `QueryParams "something" a` and `MatrixParams "something" a` get turned into arguments of type `[a]`.
> - `QueryParam "something" a`, `Header "something" a` all become arguments of type `Maybe a`, because there might be no value at all specified by the client for these.
> - `QueryFlag "something"` gets turned into an argument of type `Bool`.
> - `QueryParams "something" a` gets turned into an argument of type `[a]`.
> - `ReqBody contentTypes a` gets turned into an argument of type `a`.
## The `FromHttpApiData`/`ToHttpApiData` classes
Wait... How does *servant* know how to decode the `Int`s from the URL? Or how
Wait... How does **servant** know how to decode the `Int`s from the URL? Or how
to decode a `ClientInfo` value from the request body? This is what this and the
following two sections address.
@ -333,7 +326,7 @@ following two sections address.
corresponding (textual) value in the request's "metadata". How types are
decoded from headers, captures, and query params is expressed in a class
`FromHttpApiData` (from the package
[*http-api-data*](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/http-api-data)):
[**http-api-data**](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/http-api-data)):
``` haskell ignore
class FromHttpApiData a where
@ -355,15 +348,15 @@ As you can see, as long as you provide either `parseUrlPiece` (for `Capture`s)
or `parseQueryParam` (for `QueryParam`s), the other methods will be defined in
terms of this.
*http-api-data* provides a decent number of instances, helpers for defining new
**http-api-data** provides a decent number of instances, helpers for defining new
ones, and wonderful documentation.
There's not much else to say about these classes. You will need instances for
them when using `Capture`, `QueryParam`, `QueryParams`, and `Header` with your
types. You will need `FromHttpApiData` instances for server-side request
handlers and `ToHttpApiData` instances only when using
*servant-client*, as described in the [section about deriving haskell
functions to query an API](/tutorial/client.html).
**servant-client**, as described in the [section about deriving haskell
functions to query an API](Client.html).
## Using content-types with your data types
@ -371,14 +364,15 @@ The same principle was operating when decoding request bodies from JSON, and
responses *into* JSON. (JSON is just the running example - you can do this with
any content-type.)
This section introduces a couple of typeclasses provided by *servant* that make
This section introduces a couple of typeclasses provided by **servant** that make
all of this work.
### The truth behind `JSON`
What exactly is `JSON`? Like the 3 other content types provided out of the box
by *servant*, it's a really dumb data type.
What exactly is `JSON` (the type as used in `Get '[JSON] User`)? Like the 3
other content-types provided out of the box by **servant**, it's a really dumb
data type.
``` haskell ignore
data JSON
@ -388,14 +382,15 @@ data OctetStream
```
Obviously, this is not all there is to `JSON`, otherwise it would be quite
pointless. Like most of the data types in *servant*, `JSON` is mostly there as
pointless. Like most of the data types in **servant**, `JSON` is mostly there as
a special *symbol* that's associated with encoding (resp. decoding) to (resp.
from) the *JSON* format. The way this association is performed can be
decomposed into two steps.
The first step is to provide a proper
[`MediaType`](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/http-media-0.6.2/docs/Network-HTTP-Media.html)
representation for `JSON`, or for your own content types. If you look at the
`MediaType` (from
[**http-media**](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/http-media-0.6.2/docs/Network-HTTP-Media.html))
representation for `JSON`, or for your own content-types. If you look at the
haddocks from this link, you can see that we just have to specify
`application/json` using the appropriate functions. In our case, we can just
use `(//) :: ByteString -> ByteString -> MediaType`. The precise way to specify
@ -411,14 +406,14 @@ instance Accept JSON where
```
The second step is centered around the `MimeRender` and `MimeUnrender` classes.
These classes just let you specify a way to respectively encode and decode
values respectively into or from your content-type's representation.
These classes just let you specify a way to encode and decode
values into or from your content-type's representation.
``` haskell ignore
class Accept ctype => MimeRender ctype a where
mimeRender :: Proxy ctype -> a -> ByteString
mimeRender :: Proxy ctype -> a -> ByteString
-- alternatively readable as:
mimeRender :: Proxy ctype -> (a -> ByteString)
mimeRender :: Proxy ctype -> (a -> ByteString)
```
Given a content-type and some user type, `MimeRender` provides a function that
@ -444,7 +439,7 @@ class Accept ctype => MimeUnrender ctype a where
We don't have much work to do there either, `Data.Aeson.eitherDecode` is
precisely what we need. However, it only allows arrays and objects as toplevel
JSON values and this has proven to get in our way more than help us so we wrote
our own little function around *aeson* and *attoparsec* that allows any type of
our own little function around **aeson** and **attoparsec** that allows any type of
JSON value at the toplevel of a "JSON document". Here's the definition in case
you are curious.
@ -462,20 +457,20 @@ instance FromJSON a => MimeUnrender JSON a where
mimeUnrender _ = eitherDecodeLenient
```
And this is all the code that lets you use `JSON` for with `ReqBody`, `Get`,
And this is all the code that lets you use `JSON` with `ReqBody`, `Get`,
`Post` and friends. We can check our understanding by implementing support
for an `HTML` content type, so that users of your webservice can access an
for an `HTML` content-type, so that users of your webservice can access an
HTML representation of the data they want, ready to be included in any HTML
document, e.g. using [jQuery's `load` function](https://api.jquery.com/load/),
simply by adding `Accept: text/html` to their request headers.
### Case-studies: *servant-blaze* and *servant-lucid*
### Case-studies: **servant-blaze** and **servant-lucid**
These days, most of the haskellers who write their HTML UIs directly from
Haskell use either [blaze-html](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/blaze-html)
or [lucid](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/lucid). The best option for
*servant* is obviously to support both (and hopefully other templating
solutions!).
Haskell use either [**blaze-html**](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/blaze-html)
or [**lucid**](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/lucid). The best option for
**servant** is obviously to support both (and hopefully other templating
solutions!). We're first going to look at **lucid**:
``` haskell
data HTMLLucid
@ -483,24 +478,20 @@ data HTMLLucid
Once again, the data type is just there as a symbol for the encoding/decoding
functions, except that this time we will only worry about encoding since
*blaze-html* and *lucid* don't provide a way to extract data from HTML.
Both packages also have the same `Accept` instance for their `HTMLLucid` type.
**lucid** doesn't provide a way to extract data from HTML.
``` haskell
instance Accept HTMLLucid where
contentType _ = "text" // "html" /: ("charset", "utf-8")
```
Note that this instance uses the `(/:)` operator from *http-media* which lets
Note that this instance uses the `(/:)` operator from **http-media** which lets
us specify additional information about a content-type, like the charset here.
The rendering instances for both packages both call similar functions that take
The rendering instances call similar functions that take
types with an appropriate instance to an "abstract" HTML representation and
then write that to a `ByteString`.
For *lucid*:
``` haskell
instance ToHtml a => MimeRender HTMLLucid a where
mimeRender _ = renderBS . toHtml
@ -511,7 +502,7 @@ instance MimeRender HTMLLucid (Html a) where
mimeRender _ = renderBS
```
For *blaze-html*:
For **blaze-html** everything works very similarly:
``` haskell
-- For this tutorial to compile 'HTMLLucid' and 'HTMLBlaze' have to be
@ -531,15 +522,13 @@ instance MimeRender HTMLBlaze Text.Blaze.Html.Html where
mimeRender _ = renderHtml
```
Both [servant-blaze](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/servant-blaze) and
[servant-lucid](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/servant-lucid) let you use
`HTMLLucid` in any content type list as long as you provide an instance of the
appropriate class (`ToMarkup` for *blaze-html*, `ToHtml` for *lucid*).
Both [**servant-blaze**](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/servant-blaze) and
[**servant-lucid**](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/servant-lucid) let you use
`HTMLLucid` and `HTMLBlaze` in any content-type list as long as you provide an instance of the
appropriate class (`ToMarkup` for **blaze-html**, `ToHtml` for **lucid**).
We can now write webservice that uses *servant-lucid* to show the `HTMLLucid`
content type in action. First off, imports and pragmas as usual.
We will be serving the following API:
We can now write a webservice that uses **servant-lucid** to show the `HTMLLucid`
content-type in action. We will be serving the following API:
``` haskell
type PersonAPI = "persons" :> Get '[JSON, HTMLLucid] [Person]
@ -556,7 +545,7 @@ data Person = Person
instance ToJSON Person
```
Now, let's teach *lucid* how to render a `Person` as a row in a table, and then
Now, let's teach **lucid** how to render a `Person` as a row in a table, and then
a list of `Person`s as a table with a row per person.
``` haskell
@ -600,10 +589,10 @@ server4 :: Server PersonAPI
server4 = return people
app2 :: Application
app2 = serve personAPI EmptyConfig server4
app2 = serve personAPI server4
```
And we're good to go. You can run this example with `dist/build/tutorial/tutorial 4`.
And we're good to go:
``` bash
$ curl http://localhost:8081/persons
@ -616,23 +605,21 @@ And we're good to go. You can run this example with `dist/build/tutorial/tutoria
## The `ExceptT ServantErr IO` monad
At the heart of the handlers is the monad they run in, namely `ExceptT
ServantErr IO`. One might wonder: why this monad? The answer is that it is the
ServantErr IO`
([haddock documentation for `ExceptT`](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/mtl-2.2.1/docs/Control-Monad-Except.html#t:ExceptT)).
One might wonder: why this monad? The answer is that it is the
simplest monad with the following properties:
- it lets us both return a successful result (with the `Right` branch of
`Either`) or "fail" with a descriptive error (with the `Left` branch of
`Either`);
- it lets us both return a successful result (using `return`)
or "fail" with a descriptive error (using `throwError`);
- it lets us perform IO, which is absolutely vital since most webservices exist
as interfaces to databases that we interact with in `IO`;
as interfaces to databases that we interact with in `IO`.
Let's recall some definitions.
``` haskell ignore
-- from the Prelude
data Either e a = Left e | Right a
-- from the 'mtl' package at
newtype ExceptT e m a = ExceptT ( m (Either e a) )
newtype ExceptT e m a = ExceptT (m (Either e a))
```
In short, this means that a handler of type `ExceptT ServantErr IO a` is simply
@ -654,14 +641,14 @@ kind and abort early. The next two sections cover how to do just that.
Another important instance from the list above is `MonadIO m => MonadIO
(ExceptT e m)`.
[`MonadIO`](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/transformers-0.4.3.0/docs/Control-Monad-IO-Class.html)
is a class from the *transformers* package defined as:
is a class from the **transformers** package defined as:
``` haskell ignore
class Monad m => MonadIO m where
liftIO :: IO a -> m a
```
Obviously, the `IO` monad provides a `MonadIO` instance. Hence for any type
The `IO` monad provides a `MonadIO` instance. Hence for any type
`e`, `ExceptT e IO` has a `MonadIO` instance. So if you want to run any kind of
IO computation in your handlers, just use `liftIO`:
@ -684,7 +671,7 @@ server5 = do
If you want to explicitly fail at providing the result promised by an endpoint
using the appropriate HTTP status code (not found, unauthorized, etc) and some
error message, all you have to do is use the `left` function mentioned above
error message, all you have to do is use the `throwError` function mentioned above
and provide it with the appropriate value of type `ServantErr`, which is
defined as:
@ -703,7 +690,7 @@ use record update syntax:
``` haskell
failingHandler :: ExceptT ServantErr IO ()
failingHandler = throwE myerr
failingHandler = throwError myerr
where myerr :: ServantErr
myerr = err503 { errBody = "Sorry dear user." }
@ -718,13 +705,12 @@ server6 = do
exists <- liftIO (doesFileExist "myfile.txt")
if exists
then liftIO (readFile "myfile.txt") >>= return . FileContent
else throwE custom404Err
else throwError custom404Err
where custom404Err = err404 { errBody = "myfile.txt just isn't there, please leave this server alone." }
```
Let's run this server (`dist/build/tutorial/tutorial 5`) and
query it, first without the file and then with the file.
Here's how that server looks in action:
``` bash
$ curl --verbose http://localhost:8081/myfile.txt
@ -773,10 +759,10 @@ Note that the type of `addHeader x` is different than the type of `x`!
## Serving static files
*servant-server* also provides a way to just serve the content of a directory
**servant-server** also provides a way to just serve the content of a directory
under some path in your web API. As mentioned earlier in this document, the
`Raw` combinator can be used in your APIs to mean "plug here any WAI
application". Well, servant-server provides a function to get a file and
application". Well, **servant-server** provides a function to get a file and
directory serving WAI application, namely:
``` haskell ignore
@ -784,136 +770,36 @@ directory serving WAI application, namely:
serveDirectory :: FilePath -> Server Raw
```
`serveDirectory`'s argument must be a path to a valid directory. You can see an
example below, runnable with `dist/build/tutorial/tutorial 6`
(you **must** run it from within the *servant-examples/* directory!), which is
a webserver that serves the various bits of code covered in this
getting-started.
`serveDirectory`'s argument must be a path to a valid directory.
The API type will be the following.
Here's an example API that will serve some static files:
``` haskell
type CodeAPI = "code" :> Raw
type StaticAPI = "static" :> Raw
```
And the server:
``` haskell
codeAPI :: Proxy CodeAPI
codeAPI = Proxy
staticAPI :: Proxy StaticAPI
staticAPI = Proxy
```
``` haskell
server7 :: Server CodeAPI
server7 = serveDirectory "tutorial"
server7 :: Server StaticAPI
server7 = serveDirectory "static-files"
app3 :: Application
app3 = serve codeAPI EmptyConfig server7
app3 = serve staticAPI server7
```
This server will match any request whose path starts with `/code` and will look
This server will match any request whose path starts with `/static` and will look
for a file at the path described by the rest of the request path, inside the
*tutorial/* directory of the path you run the program from.
*static-files/* directory of the path you run the program from.
In other words:
- If a client requests `/code/foo.txt`, the server will look for a file at
`./tutorial/foo.txt` (and fail)
- If a client requests `/code/T1.hs`, the server will look for a file at
`./tutorial/T1.hs` (and succeed)
- If a client requests `/code/foo/bar/baz/movie.mp4`, the server will look for
a file at `./tutorial/foo/bar/baz/movie.mp4` (and fail)
Here is our little server in action.
``` haskell ignore
$ curl http://localhost:8081/code/T1.hs
{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators #-}
module T1 where
import Data.Aeson
import Data.Time.Calendar
import GHC.Generics
import Network.Wai
import Servant
data User = User
{ name :: String
, age :: Int
, email :: String
, registration_date :: Day
} deriving (Eq, Show, Generic)
-- orphan ToJSON instance for Day. necessary to derive one for User
instance ToJSON Day where
-- display a day in YYYY-mm-dd format
toJSON d = toJSON (showGregorian d)
instance ToJSON User
type UserAPI = "users" :> Get '[JSON] [User]
users :: [User]
users =
[ User "Isaac Newton" 372 "isaac@newton.co.uk" (fromGregorian 1683 3 1)
, User "Albert Einstein" 136 "ae@mc2.org" (fromGregorian 1905 12 1)
]
userAPI :: Proxy UserAPI
userAPI = Proxy
server :: Server UserAPI
server = return users
app :: Application
app = serve userAPI server
$ curl http://localhost:8081/code/tutorial.hs
import Network.Wai
import Network.Wai.Handler.Warp
import System.Environment
import qualified T1
import qualified T2
import qualified T3
import qualified T4
import qualified T5
import qualified T6
import qualified T7
import qualified T9
import qualified T10
app :: String -> (Application -> IO ()) -> IO ()
app n f = case n of
"1" -> f T1.app
"2" -> f T2.app
"3" -> f T3.app
"4" -> f T4.app
"5" -> f T5.app
"6" -> f T6.app
"7" -> f T7.app
"8" -> f T3.app
"9" -> T9.writeJSFiles >> f T9.app
"10" -> f T10.app
_ -> usage
main :: IO ()
main = do
args <- getArgs
case args of
[n] -> app n (run 8081)
_ -> usage
usage :: IO ()
usage = do
putStrLn "Usage:\t tutorial N"
putStrLn "\t\twhere N is the number of the example you want to run."
$ curl http://localhost:8081/foo
not found
```
In other words: If a client requests `/static/foo.txt`, the server will look for a file at
`./static-files/foo.txt`. If that file exists it'll succeed and serve the file.
If it doesn't exist, the handler will fail with a `404` status code.
## Nested APIs
@ -1123,7 +1009,7 @@ type Server api = ServerT api (ExceptT ServantErr IO)
`ServerT` is the actual type family that computes the required types for the
handlers that's part of the `HasServer` class. It's like `Server` except that
it takes a third parameter which is the monad you want your handlers to run in,
it takes another parameter which is the monad you want your handlers to run in,
or more generally the return types of your handlers. This third parameter is
used for specifying the return type of the handler for an endpoint, e.g when
computing `ServerT (Get '[JSON] Person) SomeMonad`. The result would be
@ -1131,7 +1017,7 @@ computing `ServerT (Get '[JSON] Person) SomeMonad`. The result would be
The first and main question one might have then is: how do we write handlers
that run in another monad? How can we "bring back" the value from a given monad
into something *servant* can understand?
into something **servant** can understand?
### Natural transformations
@ -1140,11 +1026,15 @@ do we have?
``` haskell ignore
newtype m :~> n = Nat { unNat :: forall a. m a -> n a}
-- For example
-- listToMaybeNat ::`[] :~> Maybe`
-- listToMaybeNat = Nat listToMaybe -- from Data.Maybe
```
For example:
``` haskell
listToMaybeNat :: [] :~> Maybe
listToMaybeNat = Nat listToMaybe -- from Data.Maybe
```
(`Nat` comes from "natural transformation", in case you're wondering.)
So if you want to write handlers using another monad/type than `ExceptT
@ -1152,20 +1042,20 @@ ServantErr IO`, say the `Reader String` monad, the first thing you have to
prepare is a function:
``` haskell ignore
readerToEither :: Reader String :~> ExceptT ServantErr IO
readerToHandler :: Reader String :~> ExceptT ServantErr IO
```
Let's start with `readerToEither'`. We obviously have to run the `Reader`
Let's start with `readerToHandler'`. We obviously have to run the `Reader`
computation by supplying it with a `String`, like `"hi"`. We get an `a` out
from that and can then just `return` it into `ExceptT`. We can then just wrap
that function with the `Nat` constructor to make it have the fancier type.
``` haskell
readerToEither' :: forall a. Reader String a -> ExceptT ServantErr IO a
readerToEither' r = return (runReader r "hi")
readerToHandler' :: forall a. Reader String a -> ExceptT ServantErr IO a
readerToHandler' r = return (runReader r "hi")
readerToEither :: Reader String :~> ExceptT ServantErr IO
readerToEither = Nat readerToEither'
readerToHandler :: Reader String :~> ExceptT ServantErr IO
readerToHandler = Nat readerToHandler'
```
We can write some simple webservice with the handlers running in `Reader String`.
@ -1193,25 +1083,24 @@ ServantErr IO`. But there's a simple solution to this.
### Enter `enter`
That's right. We have just written `readerToEither`, which is exactly what we
would need to apply to the results of all handlers to make the handlers have the
That's right. We have just written `readerToHandler`, which is exactly what we
would need to apply to all handlers to make the handlers have the
right type for `serve`. Being cumbersome to do by hand, we provide a function
`enter` which takes a natural transformation between two parametrized types `m`
and `n` and a `ServerT someapi m`, and returns a `ServerT someapi n`.
In our case, we can wrap up our little webservice by using `enter
readerToEither` on our handlers.
readerToHandler` on our handlers.
``` haskell
readerServer :: Server ReaderAPI
readerServer = enter readerToEither readerServerT
readerServer = enter readerToHandler readerServerT
app4 :: Application
app4 = serve readerAPI EmptyConfig readerServer
app4 = serve readerAPI readerServer
```
And we can indeed see this webservice in action by running
`dist/build/tutorial/tutorial 7`.
This is the webservice in action:
``` bash
$ curl http://localhost:8081/a
@ -1222,7 +1111,6 @@ $ curl http://localhost:8081/b
## Conclusion
You're now equipped to write any kind of webservice/web-application using
*servant*. One thing not covered here is how to incorporate your own
combinators and will be the topic of a page on the website. The rest of this
document focuses on *servant-client*, *servant-jquery* and *servant-docs*.
You're now equipped to write webservices/web-applications using
**servant**. The rest of this document focuses on **servant-client**,
**servant-js** and **servant-docs**.