Groff escaping changes.

- `--ascii` is now turned on automatically for man output, for portability. All man output will be escaped to ASCII. - In T.P.Writers.Groff, `escapeChar`, `escapeString`, and `escapeCode` now take a boolean parameter that selects ascii-only output. This is used by the Ms writer for `--ascii`, instead of doing an extra pass after writing the document. - In ms output without `--ascii`, unicode is used whenever possible (e.g. for double quotes). - A few escapes are changed: e.g. `\[rs]` instead of `\\` for backslash, and `\ga]` instead of `` \` `` for backtick.
2018-10-18 10:21:34 -07:00 · 2018-10-18 10:21:34 -07:00 · efbb329f1a
commit efbb329f1a
parent bbd94eae2b
10 changed files with 118 additions and 110 deletions
--- a/MANUAL.txt
+++ b/MANUAL.txt
@ -860,10 +860,11 @@ Options affecting specific writers {.options}

 :   Use only ASCII characters in output.  Currently supported for
    XML and HTML formats (which use numerical entities instead of
-    UTF-8 when this option is selected), groff ms and man
+    UTF-8 when this option is selected), groff ms
    (which use hexadecimal escapes), and to a limited degree
-    for LaTeX (which uses standard commands for accented
-    characters when possible).
+    LaTeX (which uses standard commands for accented
+    characters when possible).  Groff man output uses ASCII
+    by default.

 `--reference-links`

--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/GroffChar.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/GroffChar.hs
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 {-# LANGUAGE NoImplicitPrelude #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
 {-
 Copyright (C) 2018 John MacFarlane <jgm@berkeley.edu>

@ -400,19 +401,19 @@ characterCodes =
 -- use like: \\[E a^ aa]
 combiningAccents :: [(Char, String)]
 combiningAccents =
-  [ ('˝' , "\\[a\"]")
-  , ('¯', "\\[a-]")
-  , ('˙', "\\[a.]")
-  , ('^', "\\[a^]")
-  , ('´', "\\[aa]")
-  , ('`', "\\[ga]")
-  , ('˘', "\\[ab]")
-  , ('¸', "\\[ac]")
-  , ('¨', "\\[ad]")
-  , ('ˇ', "\\[ah]")
-  , ('˚', "\\[ao]")
-  , ('~', "\\[a~]")
-  , ('˛', "\\[ho]")
-  , ('^', "\\[ha]")
-  , ('~', "\\[ti]")
+  [ ('˝' , "a\"")
+  , ('¯', "a-")
+  , ('˙', "a.")
+  , ('^', "a^")
+  , ('´', "aa")
+  , ('`', "ga")
+  , ('˘', "ab")
+  , ('¸', "ac")
+  , ('¨', "ad")
+  , ('ˇ', "ah")
+  , ('˚', "ao")
+  , ('~', "a~")
+  , ('˛', "ho")
+  , ('^', "ha")
+  , ('~', "ti")
  ]
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Groff.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Groff.hs
@ -37,12 +37,10 @@ module Text.Pandoc.Writers.Groff (
    , escapeChar
    , escapeString
    , escapeCode
-    , groffEscape
    , withFontFeature
    ) where
 import Prelude
-import qualified Data.Text as T
-import Data.Char (isAscii, ord)
+import Data.Char (ord, isAscii)
 import Control.Monad.State.Strict
 import Data.List (intercalate)
 import qualified Data.Map as Map
@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ import Text.Pandoc.Class (PandocMonad)
 import Text.Pandoc.Definition
 import Text.Pandoc.Pretty
 import Text.Printf (printf)
-import Text.Pandoc.GroffChar (essentialEscapes)
+import Text.Pandoc.GroffChar (essentialEscapes, characterCodes)

 data WriterState = WriterState { stHasInlineMath :: Bool
                               , stFirstPara     :: Bool
@ -82,31 +80,35 @@ type Note = [Block]

 type MS = StateT WriterState

-
-escapeChar :: Char -> String
-escapeChar c = fromMaybe [c] (Map.lookup c essentialEscapes)
+escapeChar :: Bool -> Char -> String
+escapeChar useAscii c =
+  case Map.lookup c essentialEscapes of
+       Just s  -> s
+       Nothing
+         | useAscii
+         , not (isAscii c) ->
+             case Map.lookup c characterCodeMap of
+                  Just t  -> "\\[" <> t <> "]"
+                  Nothing -> printf "\\[u%04X]" (ord c)
+         | otherwise -> [c]

 -- | Escape special characters for groff.
-escapeString :: String -> String
-escapeString = concatMap escapeChar
+escapeString :: Bool -> String -> String
+escapeString useAscii = concatMap (escapeChar useAscii)

 -- | Escape a literal (code) section for groff.
-escapeCode :: String -> String
-escapeCode = intercalate "\n" . map escapeLine . lines
+escapeCode :: Bool -> String -> String
+escapeCode useAScii = intercalate "\n" . map escapeLine . lines
  where escapeCodeChar ' '  = "\\ "
        escapeCodeChar '\t' = "\\\t"
-        escapeCodeChar c    = escapeChar c
+        escapeCodeChar c    = escapeChar useAScii c
        escapeLine codeline =
          case concatMap escapeCodeChar codeline of
            a@('.':_) -> "\\&" ++ a
            b         -> b

-- | Escape non-ASCII characters using groff \u[..] sequences.
-groffEscape :: T.Text -> T.Text
-groffEscape = T.concatMap toUchar
-  where toUchar c
-         | isAscii c = T.singleton c
-         | otherwise = T.pack $ printf "\\[u%04X]" (ord c)
+characterCodeMap :: Map.Map Char String
+characterCodeMap = Map.fromList characterCodes

 fontChange :: PandocMonad m => MS m Doc
 fontChange = do
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Man.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Man.hs
@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ Conversion of 'Pandoc' documents to groff man page format.
 module Text.Pandoc.Writers.Man ( writeMan) where
 import Prelude
 import Control.Monad.State.Strict
+import Data.Char (isAscii)
 import Data.List (intersperse, stripPrefix)
 import Data.Maybe (fromMaybe)
 import Data.Text (Text)
@ -93,8 +94,7 @@ pandocToMan opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
              $ defField "has-tables" hasTables
              $ defField "hyphenate" True
              $ defField "pandoc-version" pandocVersion metadata
-  (if writerPreferAscii opts then groffEscape else id) <$>
-    case writerTemplate opts of
+  case writerTemplate opts of
       Nothing  -> return main
       Just tpl -> renderTemplate' tpl context

@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ blockToMan _ (CodeBlock _ str) = return $
  text ".IP" $$
  text ".nf" $$
  text "\\f[C]" $$
-  text (escapeCode str) $$
+  text (escapeCode True str) $$
  text "\\f[R]" $$
  text ".fi"
 blockToMan opts (BlockQuote blocks) = do
@ -296,10 +296,10 @@ inlineToMan opts (Quoted DoubleQuote lst) = do
 inlineToMan opts (Cite _ lst) =
  inlineListToMan opts lst
 inlineToMan _ (Code _ str) =
-  withFontFeature 'C' (return (text $ escapeCode str))
+  withFontFeature 'C' (return (text $ escapeCode True str))
 inlineToMan _ (Str str@('.':_)) =
-  return $ afterBreak "\\&" <> text (escapeString str)
-inlineToMan _ (Str str) = return $ text $ escapeString str
+  return $ afterBreak "\\&" <> text (escapeString True str)
+inlineToMan _ (Str str) = return $ text $ escapeString True str
 inlineToMan opts (Math InlineMath str) =
  lift (texMathToInlines InlineMath str) >>= inlineListToMan opts
 inlineToMan opts (Math DisplayMath str) = do
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Ms.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/Ms.hs
@ -69,6 +69,9 @@ writeMs :: PandocMonad m => WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> m Text
 writeMs opts document =
  evalStateT (pandocToMs opts document) defaultWriterState

+escString :: WriterOptions -> String -> String
+escString opts = escapeString (writerPreferAscii opts)
+
 -- | Return groff ms representation of document.
 pandocToMs :: PandocMonad m => WriterOptions -> Pandoc -> MS m Text
 pandocToMs opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
@ -84,8 +87,8 @@ pandocToMs opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
  body <- blockListToMs opts blocks
  let main = render' body
  hasInlineMath <- gets stHasInlineMath
-  let titleMeta = (escapeString . stringify) $ docTitle meta
-  let authorsMeta = map (escapeString . stringify) $ docAuthors meta
+  let titleMeta = (escString opts . stringify) $ docTitle meta
+  let authorsMeta = map (escString opts . stringify) $ docAuthors meta
  hasHighlighting <- gets stHighlighting
  let highlightingMacros = if hasHighlighting
                              then case writerHighlightStyle opts of
@ -101,8 +104,7 @@ pandocToMs opts (Pandoc meta blocks) = do
              $ defField "title-meta" titleMeta
              $ defField "author-meta" (intercalate "; " authorsMeta)
              $ defField "highlighting-macros" highlightingMacros metadata
-  (if writerPreferAscii opts then groffEscape else id) <$>
-    case writerTemplate opts of
+  case writerTemplate opts of
       Nothing  -> return main
       Just tpl -> renderTemplate' tpl context

@ -112,18 +114,18 @@ escapeUri = escapeURIString (\c -> c /= '@' && isAllowedInURI c)
 -- | Escape | character, used to mark inline math, inside math.
 escapeBar :: String -> String
 escapeBar = concatMap go
-  where go '|' = "\\[u007C]"
+  where go '|' = "\\[ba]"
        go c   = [c]

-toSmallCaps :: String -> String
-toSmallCaps [] = []
-toSmallCaps (c:cs)
+toSmallCaps :: WriterOptions -> String -> String
+toSmallCaps _ [] = []
+toSmallCaps opts (c:cs)
  | isLower c = let (lowers,rest) = span isLower (c:cs)
-                in  "\\s-2" ++ escapeString (map toUpper lowers) ++
-                    "\\s0" ++ toSmallCaps rest
+                in  "\\s-2" ++ escString opts (map toUpper lowers) ++
+                    "\\s0" ++ toSmallCaps opts rest
  | isUpper c = let (uppers,rest) = span isUpper (c:cs)
-                in  escapeString uppers ++ toSmallCaps rest
-  | otherwise = escapeChar c ++ toSmallCaps cs
+                in  escString opts uppers ++ toSmallCaps opts rest
+  | otherwise = escapeChar (writerPreferAscii opts) c ++ toSmallCaps opts cs

 -- We split inline lists into sentences, and print one sentence per
 -- line.  groff/troff treats the line-ending period differently.
@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ blockToMs opts (Para [Image attr alt (src,_tit)])
                       _ -> empty
  capt <- inlineListToMs' opts alt
  return $ nowrap (text ".PSPIC -C " <>
-             doubleQuotes (text (escapeString src)) <>
+             doubleQuotes (text (escString opts src)) <>
             sizeAttrs) $$
           text ".ce 1000" $$
           capt $$
@ -198,7 +200,7 @@ blockToMs opts (Header level (ident,classes,_) inlines) = do
                                      (if null secnum
                                          then ""
                                          else "  ") ++
-                                      escapeString (stringify inlines))
+                                      escString opts (stringify inlines))
  let backlink = nowrap (text ".pdfhref L -D " <>
       doubleQuotes (text (toAscii ident)) <> space <> text "\\") <> cr <>
       text " -- "
@ -400,14 +402,14 @@ inlineToMs opts (Cite _ lst) =
 inlineToMs opts (Code attr str) = do
  hlCode <- highlightCode opts attr str
  withFontFeature 'C' (return hlCode)
-inlineToMs _ (Str str) = do
+inlineToMs opts (Str str) = do
  let shim = case str of
                  '.':_ -> afterBreak "\\&"
                  _     -> empty
  smallcaps <- gets stSmallCaps
  if smallcaps
-     then return $ shim <> text (toSmallCaps str)
-     else return $ shim <> text (escapeString str)
+     then return $ shim <> text (toSmallCaps opts str)
+     else return $ shim <> text (escString opts str)
 inlineToMs opts (Math InlineMath str) = do
  modify $ \st -> st{ stHasInlineMath = True }
  res <- convertMath writeEqn InlineMath str
@ -449,9 +451,10 @@ inlineToMs opts (Link _ txt (src, _)) = do
       doubleQuotes (text (escapeUri src)) <> text " -A " <>
       doubleQuotes (text "\\c") <> space <> text "\\") <> cr <>
       text " -- " <> doubleQuotes (nowrap contents) <> cr <> text "\\&"
-inlineToMs _ (Image _ alternate (_, _)) =
+inlineToMs opts (Image _ alternate (_, _)) =
  return $ char '[' <> text "IMAGE: " <>
-           text (escapeString (stringify alternate)) <> char ']'
+           text (escString opts (stringify alternate))
+             <> char ']'
 inlineToMs _ (Note contents) = do
  modify $ \st -> st{ stNotes = contents : stNotes st }
  return $ text "\\**"
@ -531,20 +534,21 @@ toMacro sty toktype =
        -- lnColor = lineNumberColor sty
        -- lnBkgColor = lineNumberBackgroundColor sty

-msFormatter :: FormatOptions -> [SourceLine] -> Doc
-msFormatter _fmtopts =
+msFormatter :: WriterOptions -> FormatOptions -> [SourceLine] -> Doc
+msFormatter opts _fmtopts =
  vcat . map fmtLine
  where fmtLine = hcat . map fmtToken
        fmtToken (toktype, tok) = text "\\*" <>
           brackets (text (show toktype) <> text " \""
-             <> text (escapeCode (T.unpack tok)) <> text "\"")
+             <> text (escapeCode (writerPreferAscii opts)
+                      (T.unpack tok)) <> text "\"")

 highlightCode :: PandocMonad m => WriterOptions -> Attr -> String -> MS m Doc
 highlightCode opts attr str =
-  case highlight (writerSyntaxMap opts) msFormatter attr str of
+  case highlight (writerSyntaxMap opts) (msFormatter opts) attr str of
         Left msg -> do
           unless (null msg) $ report $ CouldNotHighlight msg
-           return $ text (escapeCode str)
+           return $ text (escapeCode (writerPreferAscii opts) str)
         Right h -> do
           modify (\st -> st{ stHighlighting = True })
           return h
--- a/test/command/4550.md
+++ b/test/command/4550.md
@ -3,5 +3,5 @@
 A ‘simple’ example
 ^D
 .LP
-A \[oq]simple\[cq] example
+A ‘simple’ example
 ```
--- a/test/command/ascii.md
+++ b/test/command/ascii.md
@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pandoc -t man --ascii
 äéıå
 ^D
 .PP
-\[u00E4]\[u00E9]\[u0131]\[u00E5]
+\[:a]\['e]\[.i]\[oa]
 ```

 ```
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pandoc -t ms --ascii
 äéıå
 ^D
 .LP
-\[u00E4]\[u00E9]\[u0131]\[u00E5]
+\[:a]\['e]\[.i]\[oa]
 ```

 ```
--- a/test/tables.ms
+++ b/test/tables.ms
@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ T}
 .LP
 Multiline table with caption:
 .PP
-Here\[cq]s the caption. It may span multiple lines.
+Here’s the caption. It may span multiple lines.
 .TS
 delim(@@) tab(	);
 cw(10.5n) lw(9.6n) rw(11.4n) lw(24.5n).
@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ row
 T}	T{
 5.0
 T}	T{
-Here\[cq]s another one.
+Here’s another one.
 Note the blank line between rows.
 T}
 .TE
@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ row
 T}	T{
 5.0
 T}	T{
-Here\[cq]s another one.
+Here’s another one.
 Note the blank line between rows.
 T}
 .TE
@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ row
 T}	T{
 5.0
 T}	T{
-Here\[cq]s another one.
+Here’s another one.
 Note the blank line between rows.
 T}
 .TE
--- a/test/writer.man
+++ b/test/writer.man
@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ And:
 \f[C]
 \ \ \ \ this\ code\ block\ is\ indented\ by\ two\ tabs

-These\ should\ not\ be\ escaped:\ \ \\$\ \\\\\ \\>\ \\[\ \\{
+These\ should\ not\ be\ escaped:\ \ \[rs]$\ \[rs]\[rs]\ \[rs]>\ \[rs][\ \[rs]{
 \f[R]
 .fi
 .PP
@ -525,7 +525,7 @@ So is \f[B]\f[BI]this\f[B]\f[R] word.
 .PP
 So is \f[B]\f[BI]this\f[B]\f[R] word.
 .PP
-This is code: \f[C]>\f[R], \f[C]$\f[R], \f[C]\\\f[R], \f[C]\\$\f[R],
+This is code: \f[C]>\f[R], \f[C]$\f[R], \f[C]\[rs]\f[R], \f[C]\[rs]$\f[R],
 \f[C]<html>\f[R].
 .PP
 [STRIKEOUT:This is \f[I]strikeout\f[R].]
@ -563,11 +563,11 @@ Ellipses\&...and\&...and\&....
 .SH LaTeX
 .IP \[bu] 2
 .IP \[bu] 2
-2 + 2 = 4
+2\[u2005]+\[u2005]2\[u2004]=\[u2004]4
 .IP \[bu] 2
-\f[I]x\f[R] ∈ \f[I]y\f[R]
+\f[I]x\f[R]\[u2004]\[mo]\[u2004]\f[I]y\f[R]
 .IP \[bu] 2
-\f[I]α\f[R] ∧ \f[I]ω\f[R]
+\f[I]\[*a]\f[R]\[u2005]\[AN]\[u2005]\f[I]\[*w]\f[R]
 .IP \[bu] 2
 223
 .IP \[bu] 2
@ -575,11 +575,11 @@ Ellipses\&...and\&...and\&....
 .IP \[bu] 2
 Here\[cq]s some display math:
 .RS
-$$\\frac{d}{dx}f(x)=\\lim_{h\\to 0}\\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}$$
+$$\[rs]frac{d}{dx}f(x)=\[rs]lim_{h\[rs]to 0}\[rs]frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}$$
 .RE
 .IP \[bu] 2
 Here\[cq]s one that has a line break in it:
-\f[I]α\f[R] + \f[I]ω\f[R] × \f[I]x\f[R]^2^.
+\f[I]\[*a]\f[R]\[u2005]+\[u2005]\f[I]\[*w]\f[R]\[u2005]\[tmu]\[u2005]\f[I]x\f[R]^2^.
 .PP
 These shouldn\[cq]t be math:
 .IP \[bu] 2
@ -600,15 +600,15 @@ Here\[cq]s a LaTeX table:
 .PP
 Here is some unicode:
 .IP \[bu] 2
-I hat: Î
+I hat: \[^I]
 .IP \[bu] 2
-o umlaut: ö
+o umlaut: \[:o]
 .IP \[bu] 2
-section: §
+section: \[sc]
 .IP \[bu] 2
-set membership: ∈
+set membership: \[mo]
 .IP \[bu] 2
-copyright: ©
+copyright: \[co]
 .PP
 AT&T has an ampersand in their name.
 .PP
@ -620,9 +620,9 @@ This & that.
 .PP
 6 > 5.
 .PP
-Backslash: \\
+Backslash: \[rs]
 .PP
-Backtick: \`
+Backtick: \[ga]
 .PP
 Asterisk: *
 .PP
--- a/test/writer.ms
+++ b/test/writer.ms
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ July 17, 2006
 .1C
 .LP
 This is a set of tests for pandoc.
-Most of them are adapted from John Gruber\[cq]s markdown test suite.
+Most of them are adapted from John Gruber’s markdown test suite.
 .HLINE
 .SH 1
 Headers
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Paragraphs
 .pdfhref O 1 "Paragraphs"
 .pdfhref M "paragraphs"
 .LP
-Here\[cq]s a regular paragraph.
+Here’s a regular paragraph.
 .PP
 In Markdown 1.0.0 and earlier.
 Version 8.
@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ This line turns into a list item.
 Because a hard-wrapped line in the middle of a paragraph looked like a list
 item.
 .PP
-Here\[cq]s one with a bullet.
+Here’s one with a bullet.
 * criminey.
 .PP
 There should be a hard line break
@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ And:
 \f[C]
 \ \ \ \ this\ code\ block\ is\ indented\ by\ two\ tabs

-These\ should\ not\ be\ escaped:\ \ \\$\ \\\\\ \\>\ \\[\ \\{
+These\ should\ not\ be\ escaped:\ \ \[rs]$\ \[rs]\[rs]\ \[rs]>\ \[rs][\ \[rs]{
 \f[]
 .fi
 .HLINE
@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ Item 1, graf one.
 .PP
 Item 1.
 graf two.
-The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog\[cq]s back.
+The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog’s back.
 .RE
 .IP " 2." 4
 Item 2.
@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ Tab
 .RE
 .RE
 .LP
-Here\[cq]s another:
+Here’s another:
 .IP " 1." 4
 First
 .IP " 2." 4
@ -570,7 +570,7 @@ Interpreted markdown in a table:
 This is \f[I]emphasized\f[R]
 And this is \f[B]strong\f[R]
 .PP
-Here\[cq]s a simple block:
+Here’s a simple block:
 .LP
 foo
 .LP
@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ Code:
 \f[]
 .fi
 .LP
-Hr\[cq]s:
+Hr’s:
 .HLINE
 .SH 1
 Inline Markup
@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ So is \f[B]\f[BI]this\f[B]\f[R] word.
 .PP
 So is \f[B]\f[BI]this\f[B]\f[R] word.
 .PP
-This is code: \f[C]>\f[R], \f[C]$\f[R], \f[C]\\\f[R], \f[C]\\$\f[R],
+This is code: \f[C]>\f[R], \f[C]$\f[R], \f[C]\[rs]\f[R], \f[C]\[rs]$\f[R],
 \f[C]<html>\f[R].
 .PP
 \m[strikecolor]This is \f[I]strikeout\f[R].\m[]
@ -666,16 +666,16 @@ Smart quotes, ellipses, dashes
 `Oak,' `elm,' and `beech' are names of trees.
 So is `pine.'
 .PP
-`He said, \[lq]I want to go.\[rq]' Were you alive in the 70\[cq]s?
+`He said, \[lq]I want to go.\[rq]' Were you alive in the 70’s?
 .PP
 Here is some quoted `\f[C]code\f[R]' and a \[lq]\c
 .pdfhref W -D "http://example.com/?foo=1&bar=2" -A "\c" \
 -- "quoted link"
 \&\[rq].
 .PP
-Some dashes: one\[em]two \[em] three\[em]four \[em] five.
+Some dashes: one—two — three—four — five.
 .PP
-Dashes between numbers: 5\[en]7, 255\[en]66, 1987\[en]1999.
+Dashes between numbers: 5–7, 255–66, 1987–1999.
 .PP
 Ellipses\&...and\&...and\&....
 .HLINE
@ -695,14 +695,14 @@ LaTeX
 .IP \[bu] 3
@p@-Tree
 .IP \[bu] 3
-Here\[cq]s some display math:
+Here’s some display math:
 .EQ
 d over {d x} f ( x ) = lim sub {h -> 0} {f ( x + h ) \[u2212] f ( x )} over h
 .EN
 .IP \[bu] 3
-Here\[cq]s one that has a line break in it: @alpha + omega times x sup 2@.
+Here’s one that has a line break in it: @alpha + omega times x sup 2@.
 .LP
-These shouldn\[cq]t be math:
+These shouldn’t be math:
 .IP \[bu] 3
 To get the famous equation, write \f[C]$e\ =\ mc\[ha]2$\f[R].
 .IP \[bu] 3
@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ Shoes ($20) and socks ($5).
 .IP \[bu] 3
 Escaped \f[C]$\f[R]: $73 \f[I]this should be emphasized\f[R] 23$.
 .LP
-Here\[cq]s a LaTeX table:
+Here’s a LaTeX table:
 .HLINE
 .SH 1
 Special Characters
@ -743,9 +743,9 @@ This & that.
 .PP
 6 > 5.
 .PP
-Backslash: \\
+Backslash: \[rs]
 .PP
-Backtick: \`
+Backtick: \[ga]
 .PP
 Asterisk: *
 .PP
@ -885,22 +885,22 @@ With ampersands
 .pdfhref O 2 "With ampersands"
 .pdfhref M "with-ampersands"
 .LP
-Here\[cq]s a \c
+Here’s a \c
 .pdfhref W -D "http://example.com/?foo=1&bar=2" -A "\c" \
 -- "link with an ampersand in the URL"
 \&.
 .PP
-Here\[cq]s a link with an amersand in the link text: \c
+Here’s a link with an amersand in the link text: \c
 .pdfhref W -D "http://att.com/" -A "\c" \
 -- "AT&T"
 \&.
 .PP
-Here\[cq]s an \c
+Here’s an \c
 .pdfhref W -D "/script?foo=1&bar=2" -A "\c" \
 -- "inline link"
 \&.
 .PP
-Here\[cq]s an \c
+Here’s an \c
 .pdfhref W -D "/script?foo=1&bar=2" -A "\c" \
 -- "inline link in pointy braces"
 \&.
@ -967,7 +967,7 @@ It need not be placed at the end of the document.
 .FE
 and another.\**
 .FS
-Here\[cq]s the long note.
+Here’s the long note.
 This one contains multiple blocks.
 .PP
 Subsequent blocks are indented to show that they belong to the footnote (as