diff --git a/changelog b/changelog
index 5943fd33c..05bca58b9 100644
--- a/changelog
+++ b/changelog
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
     may still be specified on the command line as before.
 
   * A `Cite` element is now created in parsing markdown whether or not
-    there is a matching reference.  By default citations will print as `???`.
+    there is a matching reference.
 
   * The `pandoc-citeproc` script will put the bibliography at the
     end of the document, as before.  However, it will be put inside a `Div`
diff --git a/src/Text/Pandoc/Readers/Markdown.hs b/src/Text/Pandoc/Readers/Markdown.hs
index 9f2bc4447..5456f25b5 100644
--- a/src/Text/Pandoc/Readers/Markdown.hs
+++ b/src/Text/Pandoc/Readers/Markdown.hs
@@ -1774,12 +1774,11 @@ rawHtmlInline = do
 cite :: MarkdownParser (F Inlines)
 cite = do
   guardEnabled Ext_citations
-  citations <- textualCite <|> (fmap (flip B.cite unknownC) <$> normalCite)
+  citations <- textualCite
+            <|> do (cs, raw) <- withRaw normalCite
+                   return $ (flip B.cite (B.text raw)) <$> cs
   return citations
 
-unknownC :: Inlines
-unknownC = B.str "???"
-
 textualCite :: MarkdownParser (F Inlines)
 textualCite = try $ do
   (_, key) <- citeKey
@@ -1790,14 +1789,18 @@ textualCite = try $ do
                       , citationNoteNum = 0
                       , citationHash    = 0
                       }
-  mbrest <- option Nothing $ try $ spnl >> Just <$> normalCite
+  mbrest <- option Nothing $ try $ spnl >> Just <$> withRaw normalCite
   case mbrest of
-       Just rest -> return $ (flip B.cite unknownC . (first:)) <$> rest
-       Nothing   -> (fmap (flip B.cite unknownC) <$> bareloc first) <|>
-                    return (do st <- askF
-                               return $ case M.lookup key (stateExamples st) of
-                                              Just n -> B.str (show n)
-                                              _      -> B.cite [first] unknownC)
+       Just (rest, raw) ->
+         return $ (flip B.cite (B.text $ '@':key ++ " " ++ raw) . (first:))
+               <$> rest
+       Nothing   ->
+         (do (cs, raw) <- withRaw $ bareloc first
+             return $ (flip B.cite (B.text $ '@':key ++ " " ++ raw)) <$> cs)
+         <|> return (do st <- askF
+                        return $ case M.lookup key (stateExamples st) of
+                                 Just n -> B.str (show n)
+                                 _      -> B.cite [first] $ B.str $ '@':key)
 
 bareloc :: Citation -> MarkdownParser (F [Citation])
 bareloc c = try $ do
diff --git a/tests/markdown-citations.native b/tests/markdown-citations.native
index 1cd4bd035..d9738fb4f 100644
--- a/tests/markdown-citations.native
+++ b/tests/markdown-citations.native
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
 [Header 1 ("pandoc-with-citeproc-hs",[],[]) [Str "Pandoc",Space,Str "with",Space,Str "citeproc-hs"]
 ,BulletList
- [[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "nonexistent", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"]]]
- ,[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "nonexistent", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"]]]
- ,[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Space,Str "says",Space,Str "blah."]]
- ,[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Str "p.",Space,Str "30"], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Space,Str "says",Space,Str "blah."]]
- ,[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Str "p.",Space,Str "30,",Space,Str "with",Space,Str "suffix"], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Space,Str "says",Space,Str "blah."]]
- ,[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0},Citation {citationId = "item2", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "30"], citationMode = SuppressAuthor, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0},Citation {citationId = "\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3", citationPrefix = [Str "see",Space,Str "also"], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Space,Str "says",Space,Str "blah."]]
- ,[Para [Str "In",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "note.",Note [Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Str "p.",Space,Str "12"], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Space,Str "and",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "citation",Space,Str "without",Space,Str "locators",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Str "."]]]]
- ,[Para [Str "A",Space,Str "citation",Space,Str "group",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [Str "see"], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "chap.",Space,Str "3"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0},Citation {citationId = "\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3", citationPrefix = [Str "also"], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "34-35"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Str "."]]
- ,[Para [Str "Another",Space,Str "one",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [Str "see"], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "34-35"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Str "."]]
- ,[Para [Str "And",Space,Str "another",Space,Str "one",Space,Str "in",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "note.",Note [Para [Str "Some",Space,Str "citations",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [Str "see"], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "chap.",Space,Str "3"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0},Citation {citationId = "\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0},Citation {citationId = "item2", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Str "."]]]]
- ,[Para [Str "Citation",Space,Str "with",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "suffix",Space,Str "and",Space,Str "locator",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "pp.",Space,Str "33,",Space,Str "35-37,",Space,Str "and",Space,Str "nowhere",Space,Str "else"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Str "."]]
- ,[Para [Str "Citation",Space,Str "with",Space,Str "suffix",Space,Str "only",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "and",Space,Str "nowhere",Space,Str "else"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Str "."]]
- ,[Para [Str "Now",Space,Str "some",Space,Str "modifiers.",Note [Para [Str "Like",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "citation",Space,Str "without",Space,Str "author:",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = SuppressAuthor, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Str ",",Space,Str "and",Space,Str "now",Space,Str "Doe",Space,Str "with",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "locator",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item2", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "44"], citationMode = SuppressAuthor, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Str "."]]]]
- ,[Para [Str "With",Space,Str "some",Space,Str "markup",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [Emph [Str "see"]], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "p.",Space,Strong [Str "32"]], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "???"],Str "."]]]
+ [[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "nonexistent", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "[@nonexistent]"]]]
+ ,[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "nonexistent", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "@nonexistent"]]]
+ ,[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "@item1"],Space,Str "says",Space,Str "blah."]]
+ ,[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Str "p.",Space,Str "30"], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "@item1",Space,Str "[p.",Space,Str "30]"],Space,Str "says",Space,Str "blah."]]
+ ,[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Str "p.",Space,Str "30,",Space,Str "with",Space,Str "suffix"], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "@item1",Space,Str "[p.",Space,Str "30,",Space,Str "with",Space,Str "suffix]"],Space,Str "says",Space,Str "blah."]]
+ ,[Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0},Citation {citationId = "item2", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "30"], citationMode = SuppressAuthor, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0},Citation {citationId = "\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3", citationPrefix = [Str "see",Space,Str "also"], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "@item1",Space,Str "[-@item2",Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "30;",Space,Str "see",Space,Str "also",Space,Str "@\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3]"],Space,Str "says",Space,Str "blah."]]
+ ,[Para [Str "In",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "note.",Note [Para [Cite [Citation {citationId = "\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Str "p.",Space,Str "12"], citationMode = AuthorInText, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "@\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3",Space,Str "[p.",Space,Str "12]"],Space,Str "and",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "citation",Space,Str "without",Space,Str "locators",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "[@\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3]"],Str "."]]]]
+ ,[Para [Str "A",Space,Str "citation",Space,Str "group",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [Str "see"], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "chap.",Space,Str "3"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0},Citation {citationId = "\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3", citationPrefix = [Str "also"], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "34-35"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "[see",Space,Str "@item1",Space,Str "chap.",Space,Str "3;",Space,Str "also",Space,Str "@\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3",Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "34-35]"],Str "."]]
+ ,[Para [Str "Another",Space,Str "one",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [Str "see"], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "34-35"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "[see",Space,Str "@item1",Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "34-35]"],Str "."]]
+ ,[Para [Str "And",Space,Str "another",Space,Str "one",Space,Str "in",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "note.",Note [Para [Str "Some",Space,Str "citations",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [Str "see"], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "chap.",Space,Str "3"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0},Citation {citationId = "\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0},Citation {citationId = "item2", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "[see",Space,Str "@item1",Space,Str "chap.",Space,Str "3;",Space,Str "@\1087\1091\1085\1082\1090\&3;",Space,Str "@item2]"],Str "."]]]]
+ ,[Para [Str "Citation",Space,Str "with",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "suffix",Space,Str "and",Space,Str "locator",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "pp.",Space,Str "33,",Space,Str "35-37,",Space,Str "and",Space,Str "nowhere",Space,Str "else"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "[@item1",Space,Str "pp.",Space,Str "33,",Space,Str "35-37,",Space,Str "and",Space,Str "nowhere",Space,Str "else]"],Str "."]]
+ ,[Para [Str "Citation",Space,Str "with",Space,Str "suffix",Space,Str "only",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "and",Space,Str "nowhere",Space,Str "else"], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "[@item1",Space,Str "and",Space,Str "nowhere",Space,Str "else]"],Str "."]]
+ ,[Para [Str "Now",Space,Str "some",Space,Str "modifiers.",Note [Para [Str "Like",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "citation",Space,Str "without",Space,Str "author:",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [], citationMode = SuppressAuthor, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "[-@item1]"],Str ",",Space,Str "and",Space,Str "now",Space,Str "Doe",Space,Str "with",Space,Str "a",Space,Str "locator",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item2", citationPrefix = [], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "44"], citationMode = SuppressAuthor, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "[-@item2",Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "44]"],Str "."]]]]
+ ,[Para [Str "With",Space,Str "some",Space,Str "markup",Space,Cite [Citation {citationId = "item1", citationPrefix = [Emph [Str "see"]], citationSuffix = [Space,Str "p.",Space,Strong [Str "32"]], citationMode = NormalCitation, citationNoteNum = 0, citationHash = 0}] [Str "[*see*",Space,Str "@item1",Space,Str "p.",Space,Str "**32**]"],Str "."]]]
 ,Header 1 ("references",[],[]) [Str "References"]]